Alamo Drafthouse locations across the country are hosting all-clown screenings of It this weekend in an ill-advised attempt to turn the public’s innate and rational. Greetings, my Westerosi window envelopes! As you can probably guess, last week’s episode of Game of Thrones—and its increasing dominance over the pop culture. Archive - Movie. Web. Fox Searchlight Pictures has a behemoth contender come award season. 14 December 2012 () (An Unexpected Journey) 13 December 2013 () (The Desolation of Smaug) 17 December 2014 () (The Battle of the Five Armies). One of the several brave robots to make one-way trips into Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant’s severely damaged reactors has accomplished what its less. Battle of the Sexes will be a major player in the acting, directing, and screenwriting categories.
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How Your Brain Tricks You Into Thinking Magic Is Real. Magic tricks, or illusions, make us go “ooh,” “ahhh,” and “how the flippin’ crap did they do that?!” They’re part sleight of hand, part planning, and a lot of brain confusion. Your brain is a liar. No matter what anyone says about performing magic tricks, everyone’s jaws drop when they see an…Read more In the video above from the Wired You. Tube channel, magician David Kwong, and author of the book Spellbound, reveals the “7 Principles of Illusion.” These principles are what turns a simple sleight of hand gesture into a mind melting magic trick: Mind the gap: Your brain takes shortcuts and makes assumptions to help process the incomplete visual data it’s receiving, or what’s known as amodal completion. Write the script: Magicians want you to believe what you’re seeing, so they give you specific verbal information, or a script, to fill in those gaps. It’s mental manipulation at its finest. Load up: The trick you’re seeing is the result of a ton of prep work done by the magician. It’s like sitting down to a fancy meal at a restaurant and forgetting how much time and effort went into making it. Design free choice: Magicians will often make it feel like you’re making some sort of choice, when really you’re being shown the only possible choice. Google’s Backup & Sync Service Is Here to Secure the Rest of Your Data. Download the free trial version below to get started. Double-click the downloaded file to install the software. If you feel like you are in control, you’ll buy into the illusion even more. Employ the familiar: Magicians play into your brain’s need to spot patterns. If a magician shows you only a few cards from a trick deck, your brain will fill in the blanks and you’ll assume the deck is normal. Conjure an out: Magicians always have a backup plan—or three or four of them. They’re ready for someone to make an uncommon choice, and they’ve planned for secondary illusions to make up for it. You’ll never fool a magician. If you think you can, you’ve already fallen for principle number four, hard. Control the frame: Like a film director or photographer, magicians know how to draw your attention to where they want it. You’ll always look where they want you to look because your brain can’t help it. So there you have it. Illusions may not be real magic, but they fool your brain so well they may as well be. Erweiterung Was; 000 (000-600) Paperport Scanned Image: 000 (000-999) ARJ Multi-volume Compressed Archive: 000 (000-999) Sequentially Numbered Backup Files. Compliance Manual Section 1. Religious Discrimination DIRECTIVES TRANSMITTALNumber. EEOC 7/2. 2/2. 00. SUBJECT: EEOC COMPLIANCE MANUALPURPOSE: This transmittal covers the issuance of Section 1. Compliance Manual on “Religious Discrimination.” The section provides guidance and instructions for investigating and analyzing charges alleging discrimination based on religion. EFFECTIVE DATE: Upon receipt. DISTRIBUTION: EEOC Compliance Manual. OBSOLETE DATA: This Section of the Compliance Manual replaces Section 6. Religious Accommodation, EEOC Compliance Manual, Volume II and its Appendices: Appendix A, Policy Statement on Ansonia Board of Education v. Philbrook and Religious Accommodation; Appendix B, Policy Guidance On ‘New Age’ Training Programs Which Conflict With Employees’ Religious Beliefs; and Appendix C, Religious Objections to Unionism. It also replaces the following policy documents: Religious Organizations that Pay Women Less than Men in Accordance with Religious Beliefs; Religious Organization Exemption Under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1. Policy Statement on Goldman v. Weinberger (Accommodation of the Wearing of Religious Dress). The Commission’s Guidelines on Discrimination Because of Religion, 2. C. F. R. Part 1. 60. Naomi C. Earp. Chair. SECTION 1. 2: RELIGIOUS DISCRIMINATIONPrintable version (PDF)OVERVIEW1. I COVERAGEDefinitions. Religion. Sincerely Held. Employer Inquiries into Religious Nature or Sincerity of Belief. NOTE TO EEOC INVESTIGATORSCovered Entities. Exceptions. Religious Organizations. Ministerial Exception. II EMPLOYMENT DECISIONSGeneral.
Recruitment, Hiring, and Promotion. Discipline and Discharge. Compensation and Other Terms, Conditions, or Privileges of Employment. Customer Preference. Security Requirements. Bona Fide Occupational Qualification. Employer Best Practices. III HARASSMENTProhibited Conduct. Religious Coercion That Constitutes a Tangible Employment Action. Hostile Work Environment. Based on Religion. Unwelcome. Severe or Pervasive. Employer Liability. Harassment by Supervisors or Managers. Harassment by Co- Workers. Harassment by Non- Employees. Special Considerations for Employers When Balancing Anti- Harassment and Accommodation Obligations With Respect to Religious Expression. Employer Best Practices. Employee Best Practices. IV REASONABLE ACCOMMODATIONReligious Accommodation. Notice of the Conflict Between Religion and Work. Discussion of Request. What is a “Reasonable” Accommodation? Undue Hardship. Case- by- Case Determination. More than “De Minimis” Cost. Seniority Systems and Collectively Bargained Rights. Co- worker Complaints. The first life insurance policies were taken out in the early 18th century. The first company to offer life insurance was the Amicable Society for a Perpetual. Glossary of definitions in the State Administrative and Accounting Manual. Security Considerations. Common Methods of Accommodation in the Workplace. Scheduling Changes. Voluntary Substitutes and Shift Swaps. Change of Job Tasks and Lateral Transfer. Modifying Workplace Practices, Policies and Procedures. Dress and Grooming Standards. Use of Employer Facilities. Tests and Other Selection Procedures. Providing Social Security Numbers. Excusing Union Dues or Agency Fees. Permitting Prayer, Proselytizing, and Other Forms of Religious Expression. Effect on Workplace Rights of Co- Workers. Effect on Customers. Employer- Sponsored Programs. NOTE TO EEOC INVESTIGATORSEmployer Best Practices. Employee Best Practices. V RELATED FORMS OF DISCRIMINATIONNational Origin and Race. Retaliation. Employer Best Practices. APPENDIX AAPPENDIX BSECTION 1. RELIGIOUS DISCRIMINATIONOVERVIEW[1]This Section of the Compliance Manual focuses on religious discrimination under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1. Title VII).[2] Title VII protects workers from employment discrimination based on their race, color, religion, sex, national origin, or protected activity. Solely with respect to religion, Title VII also requires reasonable accommodation of employees’[3]. Undue hardship under Title VII is defined as “more than de minimis” cost or burden - - a substantially lower standard for employers to satisfy than the “undue hardship” defense under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), which is defined instead as. The prohibition on discrimination and the requirement of reasonable accommodation apply whether the religious views in question are mainstream or non- traditional, and even if not recognized by any organized religion. These protections also extend to those who profess no religious beliefs.[6]Questions about religion in the workplace have increased as religious pluralism has increased. In a 2. Society for Human Resource Management and the Tanenbaum Center for Interreligious Understanding, 3. Further, the number of. EEOC has more than doubled from 1. Many employers seek legal guidance in managing the issues that arise as religious diversity in the American workplace continues to increase.[9]This Section of the Compliance Manual is designed to be a practical resource for employers, employees, practitioners, and EEOC enforcement staff on Title VII’s prohibition against religious discrimination. The Section defines religious discrimination, discusses typical scenarios in which religious discrimination may arise, and provides guidance to employers on how to balance the needs of individuals in a diverse religious climate.[1. The Section is organized by legal topic, as follows: I - Coverage issues, including the definition of “religion” and “sincerely held,” the religious organization exception, and the ministerial exception. II - Disparate treatment analysis of employment decisions based on religion, including recruitment, hiring, promotion, discipline, and compensation, as well as differential treatment with respect to religious expression; customer preference; security requirements; and bona fide occupational qualifications. III - Harassment analysis, including religious belief or practice as a condition of employment or advancement, hostile work environment, and employer liability issues. IV - Reasonable accommodation analysis, including notice of the conflict between religion and work, scope of the accommodation requirement and undue hardship defense, and common methods of accommodation. V - Related forms of discrimination, including discrimination based on national origin, race, or color, as well as retaliation. Some charges of religious discrimination may raise multiple claims, for example requiring analysis under disparate treatment, harassment, and denial of reasonable accommodation theories of liability. In addition, there are some instances where Title VII religious discrimination cases implicate federal constitutional provisions.[1. For example, a government employer may contend that granting a requested religious accommodation. Establishment Clause of the First Amendment.[1. A private sector employer may contend that its own First Amendment rights under the Free Exercise or Free Speech Clauses would be violated if it is compelled by Title VII to grant a particular accommodation.[1. In addition. government employees often raise claims under the First Amendment parallel to their Title VII accommodation claims.[1. Defining the exact parameters of the First Amendment is beyond the scope of this document. However, these First Amendment issues are referenced throughout this document in order to illustrate how they often arise in Title VII cases.[1. I COVERAGETitle VII prohibits covered employers, employment agencies, and unions[1. EEO charge or testifying as a witness in someone else’s EEO matter), or opposition relating to alleged religious discrimination (e. Although more than one of these theories of liability may apply in a particular case, they are discussed in separate parts of this manual for ease of use.· NOTE TO EEOC INVESTIGATORS·Charges involving religion may give rise to claims for disparate treatment, harassment, denial of reasonable accommodation, and/or retaliation. Therefore, these charges should be investigated and analyzed under all four theories of liability to the extent applicable, even if the charging party only raises one claim. A. Definitions. Overview: Religion is very broadly defined under Title VII. Religious beliefs, practices, and observances include those that are theistic[1. Religious beliefs can include unique views held by a few or even one. Title VII requires employers to accommodate religious beliefs, practices, and observances if the beliefs are “sincerely held” and the reasonable accommodation poses no undue hardship on the employer. Religion. Title VII defines “religion” to include “all aspects of religious observance and practice as well as belief.”[1. Nondiscrimination on the Basis of Disability in Public Accommodations and Commercial Facilities. Appendix A to Part 3. Guidance on Revisions to ADA Regulation on Nondiscrimination on the Basis of Disability by Public Accommodations and Commercial Facilities. Note: This Appendix contains guidance providing a section- by- section analysis of the revisions to 2. CFR part 3. 6 published on September 1. Section- By- Section Analysis and Response to Public Comments This section provides a detailed description of the Department's changes to the title III regulation, the reasoning behind those changes, and responses to public comments received on these topics. The Section- by- Section Analysis follows the order of the title III regulation itself, except that if the Department has not changed a regulatory section, the unchanged section has not been mentioned. Subpart A—General Section 3. Definitions ‘‘1. 99. Standards'' and ‘‘2. ADAAG'' The Department has included in the final rule new definitions of both the ‘‘1. Standards'' and the ‘‘2. ADAAG.'' The term ‘‘1. Standards'' refers to the ADA Standards for Accessible Design, originally published on July 2. Appendix D to 2. 8 CFR part 3. The term ‘‘2. 00. ADAAG'' refers to ADA Chapter 1, ADA Chapter 2, and Chapters 3 through 1. Americans with Disabilities Act and the Architectural Barriers Act Accessibility Guidelines, which were issued by the Access Board on July 2. CFR 1. 19. 1, app. B and D (2. 00. 9), and which the Department has adopted in this final rule. These terms are included in the definitions section for ease of reference. Standards'' The Department has added to the final rule a definition of the term ‘‘2. Standards.'' The term ‘‘2. Standards'' refers to the 2. ADA Standards for Accessible Design, which consist of the 2. ADAAG and the requirements contained in subpart D of 2. CFR part 3. 6. ‘‘Direct Threat'' The final rule moves the definition of direct threat from § 3. This is an editorial change. Consequently, § 3. Existing Facility'' The 1. III regulation provided definitions for ‘‘new construction'' at § 3. In contrast, the term ‘‘existing facility'' was not explicitly defined, although it is used in the statute and regulations for titles II and III. See, e. g., 4. 2 U. S. C. 1. 21. 82(b)(2)(A)(iv); 2. CFR 3. 5. 1. 50. It has been the Department's view that newly constructed or altered facilities are also existing facilities subject to title III's continuing barrier removal obligation, and that view is made explicit in this rule. The classification of facilities under the ADA is neither static nor mutually exclusive. Newly constructed or altered facilities are also existing facilities. A newly constructed facility remains subject to the accessibility standards in effect at the time of design and construction, with respect to those elements for which, at that time, there were applicable ADA Standards. That same facility, however, after construction, is also an existing facility, and subject to the public accommodation's continuing obligation to remove barriers where it is readily achievable to do so. The fact that the facility is also an existing facility does not relieve the public accommodation of its obligations under the new construction requirements of this part. Rather, it means that in addition to the new construction requirements, the public accommodation has a continuing obligation to remove barriers that arise, or are deemed barriers, only after construction. Such barriers include but are not limited to the elements that are first covered in the 2. Standards, as that term is defined in § 3. At some point, the same facility may undergo alterations, which are subject to the alterations requirements in effect at that time. This facility remains subject to its original new construction standards for elements and spaces not affected by the alterations; the facility is subject to the alterations requirements and standards in effect at the time of the alteration for the elements and spaces affected by the alteration; and, throughout, the facility remains subject to the continuing barrier removal obligation. The Department's enforcement of the ADA is premised on a broad understanding of ‘‘existing facility.'' The ADA contemplates that as the Department's knowledge and understanding of accessibility advances and evolves, this knowledge will be incorporated into and result in increased accessibility in the built environment. Title III's barrier removal provisions strike the appropriate balance between ensuring that accessibility advances are reflected in the built environment and mitigating the costs of those advances to public accommodations. With adoption of the final rule, public accommodations engaged in barrier removal measures will now be guided by the 2. Standards, defined in § 3. The NPRM included the following proposed definition of ‘‘existing facility'': ‘‘[A] facility that has been constructed and remains in existence on any given date.'' 7. FR 3. 45. 08, 3. 45. June 1. 7, 2. 00. While the Department intended the proposed definition to provide clarity with respect to public accommodations' continuing obligation to remove barriers where it is readily achievable to do so, some commenters pointed out arguable ambiguity in the language and the potential for misapplication of the rule in practice. The Department received a number of comments on this issue. The commenters urged the Department to clarify that all buildings remain subject to the standards in effect at the time of their construction, that is, that a facility designed and constructed for first occupancy between January 2. January 2. 6, 1. 99. The final rule includes clarifying language to ensure that the Department's interpretation is accurately reflected. As established by this rule, existing facility means a facility in existence on any given date, without regard to whether the facility may also be considered newly constructed or altered under this part. Thus, this definition reflects the Department's longstanding interpretation that public accommodations have obligations in existing facilities that are independent of but may coexist with requirements imposed by new construction or alteration requirements in those same facilities. Housing at a Place of Education'' The Department has added a new definition to § 3. This section defines ‘‘housing at a place of education'' as ‘‘housing operated by or on behalf of an elementary, secondary, undergraduate, or postgraduate school, or other place of education, including dormitories, suites, apartments, or other places of residence.'' This definition does not apply to social service programs that combine residential housing with social services, such as a residential job training program. Other Power- Driven Mobility Device'' and ‘‘Wheelchair'' Because relatively few individuals with disabilities were using nontraditional mobility devices in 1. III regulation to define the terms ‘‘wheelchair'' or ‘‘other power- driven mobility device,'' to expound on what would constitute a reasonable modification in policies, practices, or procedures under § 3. Since the issuance of the 1. III regulation, however, the choices of mobility devices available to individuals with disabilities have increased dramatically. The Department has received complaints about and has become aware of situations where individuals with mobility disabilities have utilized devices that are not designed primarily for use by an individual with a mobility disability, including the Segway® Personal Transporter (Segway® PT), golf cars, all- terrain vehicles (ATVs), and other locomotion devices. The Department also has received questions from public accommodations and individuals with mobility disabilities concerning which mobility devices must be accommodated and under what circumstances. Indeed, there has been litigation concerning the legal obligations of covered entities to accommodate individuals with mobility disabilities who wish to use an electronic personal assistance mobility device (EPAMD), such as the Segway® PT, as a mobility device. The Department has participated in such litigation as amicus curiae. See. Ault v. Walt Disney World Co., No. Orl–3. 1KRS, 2. 00. WL 3. 24. 20. 28 (M. D. Fla. Oct. 6, 2. Much of the litigation has involved shopping malls where businesses have refused to allow persons with disabilities to use EPAMDs. See, e. g., Mc. Elroy v. Simon Property Group, No. RDR, 2. 00. 8 WL 4. D. Kan. Sept. 1. 5, 2.
Archives and past articles from the Philadelphia Inquirer, Philadelphia Daily News, and Philly.com. If you are in the market for tuner car parts or Japanese performance car parts, our extensive selection can’t be beat. See why Enjuku Racing is the leader. Ask the Best and Brightest: Your Entire Car Owning History Please[NB: the TTAC spam filter tends to trap long lists. All comments will be released ASAP.]’7. Ford Pinto Station Wagon – Hand me down from one of my two older brothers, with over 6. When it was later revealed that Pintos exploded upon rear impact, my immediate thought was “And…?” Anyone who drove one knew the car was a POS. Slow, gnarly to shift, horrible handling, non- functional HVAC, etc. My father, A Ford man at the time, bought the car for the same reason everyone else did: they were cheap. Ford Pinto Station Wagon – Yup, same again. When “mine” died from heat exhaustion, Dad simply did the hand me down thing again. No. 1 son got a VW Golf, and all I got was this lousy T- shirt. A lifelong insanity was revealed as I shod the Pinto with Pirelli P3s in an attempt to get it to handle. Oh, and put a Nagamichi cassette player in the glove box. Peter Frampton lives! Mercedes 2. 30. E – Dad bought a 3. SEL 6. 3 on European delivery and went mad for the brand (a madness that evaporated with breakdowns and bills). The 2. 30 was another hand me down, this time from Mom. Solid. I mean stolid. Anything was better than the Pinto. Much better. Again with the tires. Killed the car when I was showing- off the Merc’s cornering prowess to friends- understeered straight into a curb, snapped the front axle like a toothpick. Mazda RX- 4 – My first car, really. Velour seats, gauges inside plastic housing that looked like… tits. A real sleeper in terms of thrust, although the cool factor was slightly limited by the fact that one my high school friends also had one. A bit of a gas pig, burned through three clutches. OK, I started messing with the transmission, sway bars, lightweight wheels, etc. B spin like a sewing machine. Some epic late night runs. Mazda GLC (Great Little Car)- The RX4 pretty much wore out. And then I bought this 1. POS. God knows what I was thinking, something about fuel economy, practicality, college. Pinto, except it didn’t break. I didn’t upgrade anything. Why would I? It eventually died in a head on collision on the access road next to Storrow Drive. Mazda RX- 7 (SA2. C) – Oh yes. Yes, yes, yes! Great looks (white helped hide those hideous bumper strips), sharp handling, discs and LOADS of upgrades. Put one of those weird louver deals over the back window, ‘cause I’d moved to Hotlanta. The A/C couldn’t cope, and dropped power by 3. Push the A/C button in the middle of the fan knob (turning OFF the A/C) and struth! Mad Max’s turbo. Well, kinda. Sorta. Not. Loads of motorcycles – Mostly Hondas – Moved back to Beantown and didn’t see the point of owning a car. Did see the point of having massive power on tap. Mercedes 3. 00. CE (black on black) – After many years in London, swapping bikes on a regular basis, bought the little Merc for trips to the country. Solid as a tank, creamy six- cylinder power and plenty quick. Handled like… a Merc. TVR Griffith – Yeah Baby! Although its looks were superbly, sublimely British, this was as close to a American muscle car as God ever let a foreigner get: superb engine note (5. Buick job) and unbelievably, ridiculously, unconscionably, tire smokingly quick. Hideous long distance cruiser: noisy, leaked, drafts, crap radio, the world’s heaviest clutch pedal, etc. And it didn’t like to start. Mercedes 5. SL – Yes, the TVR was so much of a PITA that I swung towards its polar opposite. A boulevardier’s boulevardier. Quiet, smooth, reliable. Speed limiter detached, Autobahns dispatched. With the right tires (here we go again), I was able to keep up with the new Aston through the twisties. Not much point to that really, but hey, we were both headed in the same direction. Jeep Cherokee 4. 0 – My first born arrived. The right hand drive Jeep was a rattly thing with awful brakes and dodgy handling. The ONE TIME it snowed, the car was in for service. Still… nope. I got nothing. Volvo 8. 50 T5 – World’s fastest station wagon, with Volvo safety as standard. What else did I need to know? Someone might have mentioned that it was a torque steer monster, and the turbo came on all Saab- like. But it was a bit of a hoot with lots of luxury and it never let me down. TVR Chimaera (5. 0- liter) – Once bitten, twice stupid. Scared the SHIT out of myself on many occasions. What’s not to like? Also didn’t start more often than not. I mean, than did. Ferrari F3. 55. B – Nice, if you like that sort of thing. Me? I used the Ferrari as my daily driver. The smell, the sound, the handling. But my GOD did it cost me money; the F3. B spent at least half its time with me without me– in the shop. I used to call myself a Ferrari visitor.) Rust? In a modern car? Yup. Ran up the miles, spun it twice and had to get rid of it before the catastrophic bills became cataclysmic. Ferrari F5. 50. M – I loved the way it looked and LOVED the in- gear acceleration. And they were on sale. But the car was damned. First, the entire transmission had to be replaced. Then, everything else. When I, uh, danced with an Subaru Impreza Turbo on a series of long sweepers, I realized the Ferrari’s high speed stability was dubious. I decided to get out of the car before I killed myself. BMW 5. 40i Estate – Bought it for her indoors. Easily the most luxurious car I’ve ever driven. Heavy? Very. Thirsty? Extremely. Lovable? Thoroughly. Porsche Carrera 4 – I bought it from the Ferrari dealer. I remember saying on the test drive, “Why the Hell did I ever buy a Ferrari?” I drove the snot out of that car and never, ever had a “moment.” I could do epic, ungodly things with the C4. OK, IT did them. But I loved it. Turns out the bastards sold me a crashed car, though. Jaguar XK1. 20. 0 – Decided to have one built from the ground up by Guy Broad, using a 4. Gorgeous car that needed a lot of work (uh, Guy, the seat’s just come loose). Just starting the fettling process when I drove her on a snowy afternoon. Took out an entire English village. Divorce prevented me from pursuing perfection. The one that got away. BMW M5 – Separated me from the family hauler, I had to get something more kiddie friendly. Phenomenal car: smooth, quiet, powerful, graceful, comfortable, understated, elegant, burbalicious. A luxury car around town, a supercar in the twisties, a ‘bahn burner on the open road. The M5’s Achilles heel: recirculating ball steering; almost had a [another] head- on whilst adjusting the HVAC. Other than that, perfect. Just perfect. Audi S4 Avant – I forget why I got rid of the M5. A painful time in my life. My internet career started very badly indeed when I revealed (on pistonheads. I didn’t know the difference between an S4 and a RS4. Oops. Never mind. The S4 had the best seats I’ve ever sat upon. It was comfortable, luxurious and semi- sporting. Well, sporting enough to lose my license, anyway. BMW M3 (E3. 6) – Moved back to the states and celebrated with this masterpiece. Custom ordered in Estoril blue. Another perfect car, save the fact that the back seats were too cave- like for the kids. This became a REAL issue when Sam fell pregnant. Porsche Cayenne S – I knew Porsche’s truck was a brand abortion, but I wasn’t going to let professional prejudice stop me from getting a great deal on an all- American SUV (for us, anyway). The throttle lag drove me NUTS. Sad to say, the Cayenne was nothing special- except when it snowed or we went off- road. Holy shit, what an unstoppable machine. I think we left the pavement twice. Porsche Carrera 4 – Something for the weekend sir? Excellent car, but the thrill was gone. Can’t explain it. Water- cooled engine’s OK with me. Handling just as foolproof as before, only more so. Fast? Yes, very. But it just didn’t feel special. No… fun. Honda Odyssey – Finally embraced the minivan, and why not? On those occasions when all four girls are in attendance, or carrying big box items, or bikes, or dogs, or girls, stuff AND dogs, it can’t be beat. Poorly- built: creaks and rattles, things break. But the V6 is perfectly adequate, the tranny shifts like a dream and the drop- down TV is a godsend. The art of conversation is dead. Long live the art of conversation.) Only real beef: bought it before MP3 compatibility. Seriously. That sucks. Porsche Boxster S – World’s best sports car. No complaints. Well, it’s too damn noisy for long distance travel. Considering a Bentley Arnage T, a Maserati Gran. Turismo S (when the new one arrives and then depreciates) or a F3. Leather - Wikipedia"Deerskin" redirects here. For the novel by Robin Mc. Want to help spread the word about new WebGL jobs? With our Twitter app, you can automatically retweet every posting on this site. Click here to find out more. The ultimate finish, repels all water and dirt and gives inimitable look. What's Hot and What's Not™ (THE Northern California Flyfishing Report) from. Subscribe to WH&WN™, change email address, or remove from list. Download a.pdf file. There was a day a few years ago where I received 1000 emails. Kinley, see Deerskin (novel). A variety of leather products and leather- working tools. Leather is a durable and flexible material created by tanning animal rawhide and skin, often cattle hide. It can be produced at manufacturing scales ranging from cottage industry to heavy industry. People use leather to make various goods—including clothing (e. It is produced in a wide variety of types and styles, decorated by a wide range of techniques. Several tanning processes transform hides and skins into leather: Chrome- tanned leather, invented in 1. It is more supple and pliable than vegetable- tanned leather and does not discolor or lose shape as drastically in water as vegetable- tanned. It is also known as wet- blue for its color derived from the chromium. More exotic colors are possible when using chrome tanning. The chrome tanning method usually only takes a day to finish, and the ease and agility of this method make it a popular choice. However there are environmental concerns with this tanning method. It is reported that chrome- tanned leather adds up to 8. Vegetable- tanned leather is tanned using tannins and other ingredients found in different vegetable matter, such as tree bark prepared in bark mills, wood, leaves, fruits, and roots. It is supple and brown in color, with the exact shade depending on the mix of chemicals and the color of the skin. It is the only form of leather suitable for use in leather carving or stamping. Vegetable- tanned leather is not stable in water; it tends to discolor, so if left to soak and then dried it shrinks and becomes harder. This is a feature of oak bark tanned leather that is exploited in traditional shoemaking. In hot water, it shrinks drastically and partly congeals—becoming rigid, and eventually brittle. Boiled leather is an example of this, where the leather has been hardened by being immersed in hot water, or in boiled wax or similar substances. Historically, it was occasionally used as armour after hardening, and it has also been used for book binding. Aldehyde- tanned leather is tanned using glutaraldehyde or oxazolidine compounds. This is the leather that most tanners refer to as wet- white leather due to its pale cream or white color. It is the main type of "chrome- free" leather, often seen in shoes for infants and automobiles. Formaldehyde tanning (being phased out due to danger to workers and sensitivity of many people to formaldehyde) is another aldehyde tanning method. Brain- tanned leathers fall into this category, and are exceptionally water absorbent. Brain tanned leathers are made by a labor- intensive process that uses emulsified oils, often those of animal brains such as deer, cattle, and buffaloes. They are known for their exceptional softness and washability. Chamois leather also falls into the category of aldehyde tanning, and like brain tanning, produces a porous and highly water- absorbent leather. Chamois leather is made using marine oils (traditionally cod oil) that oxidize easily to produce the aldehydes that tan the leather to color it. Rose- tanned leather is a variation of vegetable oil tanning and brain tanning, where pure rose otto replaces the vegetable oil and emulsified oils. Rose- tanned leather tanned leaves a powerful rose fragrance even years from when it is manufactured. It has been called the most valuable leather on earth, but this is mostly due to the high cost of rose otto and its labor- intensive tanning process. Synthetic- tanned leather is tanned using aromatic polymers such as the Novolac or Neradol types (syntans, contraction for synthetic tannins). This leather is white in color and was invented when vegetable tannins were in short supply during the Second World War. Melamine and other amino- functional resins fall into this category, as well, and they provide the filling that modern leathers often require. Urea- formaldehyde resins were also used in this tanning method before people realized the hazards that formaldehyde presents to tanners and consumers. Alum- tanned leather is transformed using aluminiumsalts mixed with a variety of binders and protein sources, such as flour and egg yolk. Alum- tanned leather is technically not tanned, as tannic acid is not used, and the resulting material reverts to rawhide if soaked in water long enough to remove the alum salts. Rawhide is made by scraping the skin thin, soaking it in lime, and then stretching it while it dries. Like alum- tanning, rawhide is not technically "leather",[citation needed] but is usually lumped in with the other forms.[citation needed] Rawhide is stiffer and more brittle than other forms of leather; it is primarily found in uses such as drum heads and parchment where it does not need to flex significantly; it is also cut up into cords for use in lacing or stitching and for making many varieties of dog chews. Leather, usually vegetable- tanned, can be oiled to improve its water resistance. This currying process after tanning supplements the natural oils remaining in the leather itself, which can be washed out through repeated exposure to water. Russia leather was an important international trade good for centuries.[citation needed][1] Frequent oiling of leather, with mink oil, neatsfoot oil, or a similar material keeps it supple and improves its lifespan dramatically.[citation needed][2]Leather with the hair still attached is called "hair- on".[citation needed]In general, leather is sold in these four forms: Full- grain leather refers to hides that have not been sanded, buffed, or snuffed (as opposed to top- grain or corrected leather) to remove imperfections (or natural marks) on the surface of the hide. The grain remains allowing the fiber strength and durability. The grain also has breathability, resulting in less moisture from prolonged contact. Rather than wearing out, it develops a patina during its expected useful lifetime. High quality leather furniture and footwear are often made from full- grain leather. Full- grain leathers are typically available in two finish types: aniline, semi- aniline. Top- grain leather (the most common type in high- end leather products) is the second- highest quality. It has had the "split" layer separated away, making it thinner and more pliable than full- grain. Its surface has been sanded and a finish coat added, which produces a colder, plastic feel with less breathability, and it does not develop a natural patina. It is typically less expensive and has greater stain resistance than full- grain leather if the finish remains unbroken. Corrected- grain leather is any leather that has had an artificial grain applied to its surface. The hides used to create corrected leather do not meet the standards for use in creating vegetable- tanned or aniline leather. The imperfections are corrected or sanded off, and an artificial grain embossed into the surface and dressed with stain or dyes. Most corrected- grain leather is used to make pigmented leather as the solid pigment helps hide the corrections or imperfections. Corrected grain leathers can mainly be bought as two finish types: semi- aniline and pigmented. Split leather is leather created from the fibrous part of the hide left once the top- grain of the rawhide has been separated from the hide. During the splitting operation, the top- grain and drop split are separated. The drop split can be further split (thickness allowing) into a middle split and a flesh split. In very thick hides, the middle split can be separated into multiple layers until the thickness prevents further splitting. Split leather then has an artificial layer applied to the surface of the split and is embossed with a leather grain (bycast leather). Splits are also used to create suede. The strongest suedes are usually made from grain splits (that have the grain completely removed) or from the flesh split that has been shaved to the correct thickness. Suede is "fuzzy" on both sides. Manufacturers use a variety of techniques to make suede from full- grain. A reversed suede is a grained leather that has been designed into the leather article with the grain facing away from the visible surface. It is not considered a true suede.[3]Less- common leathers include: Buckskin or brained leather is a tanning process that uses animal brains or other fatty materials to alter the leather. The resulting supple, suede- like hide is usually smoked heavily to prevent it from returning to a rawhide state, if wetted. |
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November 2017
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